Observational Research Methods Research Articles

Bangladesh towards green growth: a review of environmental sustainability indicators

Pursuing green growth is crucial for Bangladesh to transition from an unsustainable economic trajectory to a more sustainable and inclusive one. Bangladesh is picked for this study because of impending and severe economic and environmental threats. This study intends to review the present scenario of various environmental sustainability-related indicators in Bangladesh, focusing on renewable energy consumption, freshwater resources, water productivity, CO2 emissions, energy intensity, air pollution, and natural resource rents. The World Bank database has been utilized to obtain secondary time series data of Bangladesh spanning from 2000 to 2020. As a descriptive study, cross-sectional and observational research methods as well as descriptive statistics and figures are used to elucidate the secondary data. Data demonstrate that Bangladesh now generates 41.16% of its energy from renewables, despite considerable variability. Regardless of the variation in freshwater availability, averaging at 708.19 cubic meters per capita, efficient water productivity remains consistent, indicating a robust water management system. The country demonstrates a relatively low carbon footprint, emitting 0.35 metric tons of CO2 per capita, alongside varying energy intensity levels, highlighting the need for enhanced efficiency measures. While pervasive PM2.5 air pollution poses a significant health risk, Bangladesh's reliance on natural resource rents underscores the importance of sustainable resource management practices for long-term economic stability. The observations of this study might assist in the formulation of policies of water management systems, air pollution control initiatives, and conservation of ecology to promote Bangladesh's long-term sustainability objectives and formulate policies.

Participant Observation and Research on Fitness “Daily Attendance” in the Context of Social Media

The "fitness fever" emerging in social media platforms has attracted a large number of users to participate in “daily attendance”. Based on participant observation, questionnaire survey and other empirical research methods, this study observes the users who participate in fitness “daily attendance” and webcast influencers who organize fitness “daily attendance”, so as to analyze their behavior characteristics in the context of social media. This paper finds that during the participation in fitness “daily attendance”, webcast influencers actively interact with users and make efforts in agenda setting, participation motivation and communication content, thus clarifying the logic behind the fitness “daily attendance”.

Injury Risk Analysis of Soccer Academy Students: A Review of Functional Movement Screen Scores and Demographic Data

The intense daily activities of students at the SPSS soccer academy can lead to excessive fatigue, which can decrease physical quality and cause injury. This study aims to analyze the level of injury risk of soccer academy students by reviewing FMS scores and demographic data. This study employed a descriptive observational research method. Research data were collected using tests and measurements. Seventy-two male soccer academy students participated in this study with the following details: mean age 15±2.1 years, BMI 19.8±2.1 kg/m², and TD 1.2±0.1 years. The data were obtained from the FMS instrument and height and weight tests. They were then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the FMS score showed that subjects aged 14-17 years were most at risk of injury in the moderate category. In terms of BMI,  the FMS scores showed that subjects at a high risk of injury were one in the underweight category, nine in the normal weight category, and one in the obesity grade 1 category. This study concludes that, based on demographic data, SPSS academy students in the age group of 14 years are more likely to experience injuries than students in the age group of 16 and 17 years. Furthermore,  it is concluded that SPSS academy students with an average BMI are in the normal weight category, with SPSS academy student subjects having a moderate risk of injury. Based on the length of training, most SPSS academy students have 1-3 years, with the most risk of injury in the moderate risk category. Future research is expected to choose research subjects with BMI in the obese category and from various other age groups. Keywords: Sport Injury, FMS, BMI, Training, Soccer Academy, Football, Sports Medicine.

Cultural Governance: A Participatory Approach Towards Sustainable Heritage Management

The study explores the heritage management framework established by the Bopiliao Historic Block in Taipei, Taiwan, looking primarily at the methodologies employed to address the competing tensions between stakeholders. Through creative economy and heritage tourism, paved the way for cultural governance to become a significant tool of sustainable heritage management. The central purpose of the study is to present a case analysis of the Bopiliao Historic Block in Taipei, Taiwan, and the district of Escolta in Manila, Philippines, to demonstrate how cultural governance can generate a sustainable community-based cultural heritage preservation framework. Using the research methods of archival research and participant observation, the study was able to identify factors from the success story of the Bopiliao Historic Block in Taipei, Taiwan that can serve as learning points for the Escolta district in Manila, Philippines, to consider. The findings of the study reveal that it requires more than just the active participation of the civil society to develop a sustainable heritage management framework. Instead, it requires support from all the key stakeholders, and though the levels of support may vary, the major deciding factor is the recognition and acceptance of the historic and cultural value of the community.

Assessment of the E-value in the presence of bias amplification: a simulation study

BackgroundThe E-value, a measure that has received recent attention in the comparative effectiveness literature, reports the minimum strength of association between an unmeasured confounder and the treatment and outcome that would explain away the estimated treatment effect. This study contributes to the literature on the applications and interpretations of E-values by examining how the E-value is impacted by data with varying levels of association of unobserved covariates with the treatment and outcome measure when covariate adjustment is applied. We calculate the E-value after using regression and propensity score methods (PSMs) to adjust for differences in observed covariates. Propensity score methods are a common observational research method used to balance observed covariates between treatment groups. In practice, researchers may assume propensity score methods that balance treatment groups across observed characteristics will extend to balance of unobserved characteristics. However, that assumption is not testable and has been shown to not hold in realistic data settings. We assess the E-value when covariate adjustment affects the imbalance in unobserved covariates.MethodsOur study uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the impact of unobserved confounders on the treatment effect estimates and to evaluate the performance of the E-Value sensitivity test with the application of regression and propensity score methods under varying levels of unobserved confounding. Specifically, we compare observed and unobserved confounder balance, odds ratios of treatment vs. control, and E-Value sensitivity test statistics from generalized linear model (GLM) regression models, inverse-probability weighted models, and propensity score matching models, over correlations of increasing strength between observed and unobserved confounders.ResultsWe confirm previous findings that propensity score methods – matching or weighting – may increase the imbalance in unobserved confounders. The magnitude of the effect depends on the strength of correlation between the confounder, treatment, and outcomes. We find that E-values calculated after applying propensity score methods tend to be larger when unobserved confounders result in more biased treatment effect estimates.ConclusionsThe E-Value may misrepresent the size of the unobserved effect needed to change the magnitude of the association between treatment and outcome when propensity score methods are used. Thus, caution is warranted when interpreting the E-Value in the context of propensity score methods.

Optimalkan Pengelolaan Persediaan Untuk Mengurangi Kerugian: Strategi Menghadapi Permasalahan Persediaan Rusak

Effective inventory management plays a key role in a company's smooth operations, avoiding financial losses, and maintaining its reputation. This article discusses strategies for dealing with damaged inventory problems, including identification of causes, implementation of information systems, efficient transportation plans, employee training, regular audits, return policies, and supplier diversification. This solution helps reduce the risk of damaged inventory, improves operational efficiency and strengthens the company's position in the market. The case study at CV JTS Store illustrates the application of observation and library research methods during a 4 month internship. The results show the importance of preventive measures and risk management strategies in maintaining business sustainability. Technology implementation, employee training, regular audits, and supplier diversification were identified as key steps to improve overall inventory management.

Neuro-Linguistic Programming: The Application in Offline and Online Classes

Neuro-Liguistic Programming (NLP), proposed by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in the 1970s, is one of the most effective and useful methodologies to help us communicate effectively in various areas of life such as corporate environment, college life, education, marketing, health, and various other areas. This method is indispensable in the teaching and learning process and can accommodate the very fast and sudden changes that occurred due to the pandemic situation. In this study, the NLP effective techniques: of creating rapport, mirroring, creating positive states and anchoring, maintaining flow, pacing and leading, perceptual positioning, and modeling good practice were used in online and offline lecturing. These techniques were applied to strengthen the three learning styles visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. The data were collected through observation and field research methods. Forty (40) students from two (2) online classes and two (2) offline classes, namely Debating on Recent Issues and Theory of Literature and Literary Criticism Class participated in this study. A survey has been given by the end of each lecture to measure the success of the NLP techniques applied by the lecturer. Results showed differences between online and offline classes. Its success decreased in online classes. Therefore, the development of material delivery techniques is needed to be more developed in online classes, especially in visual presentation models to patch up the missing kinesthetic models in online classes.

Traditional African festival performances as a panacea for peace and security: the Obubra urban Ababum (cassava) festival as paradigm

ABSTRACT It has been asserted that some African and Nigerian cultural festivals are incapable of equipping community members with the requisite knowledge and skills to confront contemporary socio-political, economic and security challenges that hindered development in their communities. This paper serves as a rejoinder to enlighten the public on the powers of traditional festivals to forestall peaceful co-existence among people. The study seeks to determine whether African and Nigerian community festivals can be used as avenues for building peace, reconciliation and security development among embittered community members using the Ababum (Cassava) festival in Obubra Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria, as a paradigm. The study utilized the participant observation and personal communication research methods for data collection. Data obtained from these sources were analyzed using the textual method. The findings showed that the cassava festivals were avenues where the community members in the Obubra Urban Ward dialogued and exchanged public opinions on how to attain peace and stability. Findings also showed an increase in knowledge, added awareness of the imperatives of peace, reconciliation and security consciousness among members of these communities studied.

The findings of the marketing analysis academic library’s services

The author accomplished the marketing analysis of academic library services as the case study of Cherepovets State University Library, a flagship university of Vologda Region. She characterizes the status of library services, strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, challenges and expectations of modern library users. The novelty of the article lies in the use of marketing analysis tools and the results obtained. The practical value of library services for users is revealed. With four criteria, namely demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral, the target user of university library services is characterized in detail. The author applies the research methods of analysis, comparison, observation, Google survey, in-depth interview, and empathy mapping. Four levels of university library services aree analyzed based on the “service pyramid”. The quantitative findings of marketing research are provided. The author demonstrates that despite most students prefer electronic communications, they do not ignore the hybrid, online and offline, mode of interaction with the library. She also shows that modern academic library users are emotionally neutral towards the library services. Recommendations are offered for the further development of academic library services.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF FAMILY SUPPORT WITH THE LEVEL OF PRE-ANESTHESIAN SECTIO PATIENTS IN THE HOSPITAL PEKALONGAN REGIONAL GENERAL

Background: Sectio Caesarea (SC) is a surgical procedure to save a mother and baby. Most SC preoperative patients experience mild and severe anxiety; this anxiety will affect the patient's recovery process. Anxious conditions cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels, so that blood supply to the heart decreases. One of the other factors causing anxiety in preoperative patients is family support. Families who always support the patient's recovery will be able to reduce patient anxiety. Objective:  The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between family support and the pre-anesthesia anxiety level of sectio-caesarea patients at Bendan Pekalongan Hospital. Methods: Using quantitative observational and analytic research methods with a cross-sectional approach. The place of research was in the reception room of IBS Bendan Pekalongan Hospital. sample 36 patients with consecutive sampling techniques. Data analysis in the form of bivariate data produces the frequency distribution and percentage of each variable. Results: The results of the correlation coefficient of -493** indicate that there is a fairly strong and significant correlation with a negative or unidirectional direction, meaning that the greater the level of family support, the lower the patient's anxiety level. Conclusion: The results of the spearman rank test analysis of 36 respondents showed a p value of 0.001, <0.05, which means that there is a relationship between family support and the level of pre-anesthesia anxiety of Sectio Caesarea patients at Bendan Pekalongan Regional General Hospital.
 Keywords: Family support, anxiety level, and pre-anesthesia of Sectio Caesarea patient

EFFECT OF TRAINING, DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTMENT ON THE EMPLOYER SETTING IN PTPN III MEDAN

This study was conducted at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III Medan, a state-owned enterprise (BUMN) Holding Plantation that is involved in the management, processing and marketing of plantation products. Crops include oil palm, rubber, sugarcane, tea, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, various timbers, fruits and many other crops. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of training, development and placement on orca performance on PT. Nusantara III Medan plantations, either partially or simultaneously. The method used in this work is a quantitative research method. The sample size of this study is 62 employees. As well as data collection through interview, observation and documentary research methods, i.e., primary and secondary documents. Data analysis techniques use multiple linear regression, while hypothesis testing tools are performed using f-tests, t-tests, and determinant tests. The results of the study are not known; if the results of this study produce equations, it is difficult to see that the variables of education, development and placement have a significant impact on the performance of PT workers. Nusantara Plantation. Here, partial test results for training and development variables are poorly known, and there may be other variables that may play a role in addition to training and development, such as Ork performance evaluation, motivation, selection, etc. This study is not known, after conducting the test method, whether Ho failed and Ha passed, which means that training, development and placement affect the performance of employees in PTPN III Medan.

Femininity penalties and rewards: obstacles and opportunities for Chinese female entrepreneurs in gender-segregated industries

Purpose This study aims to answer two questions: (a) what obstacles and opportunities do Chinese female entrepreneurs face when doing business? And (b) how do they negotiate their entrepreneurial careers and gender identities in different gender-segregated markets? Design/methodology/approach This study uses qualitative research methods of participant observation and in-depth interviews with 41 female entrepreneurs in China and the theoretical lenses of gender role theory and doing gender in entrepreneurship. Findings The study findings reveal that Chinese female entrepreneurs face different obstacles and opportunities in gender-segregated industries. Their experiences vary in industries that are mainly occupied by males and females. On the one hand, women in female-dominated industries may be supported by a feminine working environment that is coherent with their domestic roles. However, they may also be questioned on the cultural impurity implied in some industries, which harms their class-based feminine virtue. On the other hand, women in male-dominated industries may be challenged and marginalized due to their gender. However, some find ways to turn the disadvantaged feminine characters into favourable conditions and break out of the stereotypical gender constraints in doing business. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on gender and entrepreneurship in general. More specifically, it contributes to the study of doing gender in gender-segregated markets, and it also illustrates women’s gendered opportunities and constraints in Chinese society that are affected by the long-lasting traditional gender norms.

Renewal Study of LoCa Between ATS RO Unit and Approach Combined With Tower Unit Perum LPPNPI Ternate

An Air Traffic Controller (ATC) can be easily disrupted by several factors. At the AirNav Ternate Assistant Branch Office, the author observed several factors that could disturb the performance of an ATC. These factors include the need for ATC to directly monitor the AFTN (Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network) to discover flight plans and flight-related news. Each working unit must have good coordination. In the LOCA (Local Operating Control Area) between ATS RO (Area Control Center) and APP (Approach Control) combined with TWR (Tower), it is not clarified that ATS RO personnel inform the TWR unit about flight plans and flight-related news. Moreover, there is a lack of authority and responsibility for each unit, making it unclear what the exact authority and obligations of each unit are in carrying out their tasks. The research employed by the author involves qualitative observational research methods. The study led to the renewal of the LOCA between ATS RO and the APP combined with TWR in Ternate. This renewal includes the delineation of authority for each unit and the responsibilities that each unit must carry out. There is coordination regarding the notification of an aircraft's capabilities in using PBN (Performance-Based Navigation) or RNP (Required Navigation Performance) from the ATS RO unit to the APP combined with the TWR unit in Ternate. This coordination is achieved using the available communication tools.

Combining legal epidemiology and implementation science to improve global access to medicines: challenges and opportunities.

Laws and policies affecting access to medicines have been in the global health spotlight for decades, yet our understanding of their effects remains substantially underdeveloped. The emerging field of legal epidemiology combined with the methods of implementation science presents an opportunity to help address this gap. Legal epidemiology refers to the scientific study and deployment of law as a factor in the cause, distribution, and prevention of disease and injury in a population. Legal epidemiology studies consist of a systematic collection and coding of laws and policies relating to a particular topic. Quasi-experimental or observational research methods can then be applied to take advantage of natural experiments resulting from heterogenous adoption and/or implementation of laws and policies. Often legal epidemiology studies fail to account for heterogenous law implementation processes, presenting a need and opportunity to integrate implementation science methods. Researchers may face challenges in integrating these methods for access to medicines studies, including data access issues and a complex legal and implementation environment. Yet, the opportunities presented by increasingly transparent legal environments, improved monitoring of medicine availability, universal health coverage expansion, and electronic health and insurance records integration may facilitate overcoming these challenges. Improved collaboration and communication between researchers, health authorities, manufacturers, and health providers from public and private sectors will be critical. In spite of the challenges, combining the fields of legal epidemiology and implementation science may present an important strategy toward creating a legal and policy environment that supports global and equitable access to medicines.

Perancangan Sistem Informasi Hino Service on Site (Studi Kasus : Dealer Hino, PT. Persada Lampung Raya)

<span lang="EN-US">Service on site is one of the after-sales services for Hino Truck vehicles. The Service on Site contract program provides customer vehicle service services at the customer's location or site by placing a mechanic at the customer's location. In its implementation, several obstacles were encountered, such as the vehicle service history was not recorded, there were no service reports so the customer did not know the vehicle's performance. So this research develops the design of the Hino Service on Site Information System using observational research methods, literature review, and documentation. To build the system, Use Case diagrams were designed and then measured using Use Case Points (UCP) to assist management in expanding the Servicee on Site Information System. UCP will assist management when making decisions regarding system development in terms of time, human resources and finances. Software measurement using UCP in the Service on Site Information System at Hino Dealers PT. Persada Lampung Raya has a Use Case Point (UCP) score of 38.448 and is categorized as a small software size project, which is smaller than 99. With the proposed design of this system, it can simplify and speed up the on site service administration process and can provide information in the form of vehicle performance reports to customers so that they can improve service on site program</span>

A Focus on Some Phonological Assimilation of English and French Loanwords into Hausa

The present research aims to examine a comparative phonological study of English and French loanwords into Hausa as spoken in Nigeria and Niger Republic respectively. The main objective of the research is to identify and analyze the lexical differences of the two linguistic communities at phonological point of view. The study is going to cover two important areas that will represent other Hausa speaking areas, one in Nigeria and the other Niger. In southern Niger (Maradi and Damagaran) the largest cities with massive Hausa speakers in the country will be selected. In Nigeria, Kano city will be selected being the largest Hausa city with several Hausa speakers and the Kano Hausa is the closest dialect of standard Hausa. In collection of the data, various written materials available Bookshops and online materials will be referred to; Besides, two research assistants will be co-opted to assist in collecting a proportion of some lexical items within geographical areas from both Kano, Maradi and Damagaran. An observation and interview research methods will also be used in collecting the data, as the research deals with spoken Hausa. The anticipated findings of the research will be identifying Certain English and French Phonemes with their closest phonemes inventory of the first language (Hausa). Also, to identify some of the principles of Hausa language that play great roles in the phenomena of foreign lexicon thereby making the incoming loanwords looks and sound like the native Hausa words.

Learning to Teach by Practice: Pre-service Teachers’ Experiences of Using Poetry Memorization, Dramatization and Recitation Pedagogy

In Uganda, poetry is a key genre in the Literature in English curriculum at the secondary and higher institutions of teacher education. However, many teachers, especially the novices, struggle with the teaching of poetry in secondary schools in Uganda. Current approaches to teaching support learner-centered pedagogy where learners are facilitated to fully participate in scaffolding their own interpretations of the subject content. Individual in-class poetry recitation is one such activity used to teach, and taught to, pre-service teachers of poetry because it promotes their participation and their general attitude towards poetry. In this paper, we present findings from a study about Makerere University pre-service teachers’ experiences of using individual in-class poetry recitations as a learner-centered strategy for teaching poetry. The research was carried out amongst one cohort of finalist teacher trainees of English and Literature using lecture observation, interviews and open-ended questionnaire research methods. A thematic analysis of the data revealed three themes that summarize their experiences with memorization, recitation and dramatization of poetry: recitation: facing the class;  and pedagogical reflections. As we present these themes, we also draw some pedagogical implications for poetry classes from the actual recitation  experiences of teacher trainees who participated in this study.

小组游戏治疗提升心智障碍儿童社会互动能力研究

This research is an exploration and attempt to apply play therapy to the daily curriculum of special education schools by using the professional methods of social work groups from the perspective of social learning theory. In the research process, the research methods of participatory observation, semi-structured interview and questionnaire survey were used to compare before and after intervention, and it was found that the combination of play therapy and group work method could be integrated into the special education teaching curriculum and had a significant effect on improving the social interaction ability of children with intellectual disabilities. The improvement of social interaction ability of children with mental disabilities is specifically reflected in the project: improving the ability to abide by game discipline, improving game cognition, strengthening game performance and overall ability improvement, but for individuals with relatively severe mental disabilities, further casework methods are needed to achieve obvious results. The research can provide reference for social work to intervene in the mentally disabled groups in special education schools.

Hubungan Pengetahuan K3 dan Sikap dengan Unsafe Action pada Mekanik Bengkel di Pulogebang Jakarta Timur

The average motorcycle repair industry grows and operates in the informal sector. Mechanic activities such as oil change services, oil filter replacement, carburetor cleaning, spare parts replacement, and engine disassembly usually come into contact with chemicals such as lubricants or oils, thinners, battery fluids, and gasoline. These activities can lead to work accidents and diseases such as slips, sprains, pinches, falls, and being hit by work equipment such as pliers and screwdrivers. This study aims to analyze the relationship between occupational safety and health knowledge and attitudes towards unsafe actions in mechanics in Pulogebang, East Jakarta. This study uses an analytical observational research method with a quantitative research approach. The research design used was a cross-sectional study conducted at a motorcycle automotive workshop. The sampling method used was a saturated sampling technique with 38 respondents. The tools used in this study were questionnaires on occupational safety and health knowledge, attitude, and unsafe action. The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between occupational safety and health knowledge (p=0.000) and attitude (p=0.000) with unsafe action. Occupational safety and health knowledge had a wald value of 4.732 and attitude had a wald value of 4.806. Therefore, the attitude variable had a greater influence on unsafe action. The Nagelkerke R-Square of 0.582 means that the variables of knowledge and attitude could explain 58.2% of the variance in unsafe action. There is a significant relationship between K3 knowledge and attitude with unsafe action among mechanics in Pulogebang, East Jakarta.

Hubungan Antara Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Ketepatan Apoteker Dalam Mengelola Obat Sisa, Obat Rusak, dan Obat Kedaluwarsa di Apotek Malang Raya

Medicine is an important pharmaceutical component in health care field, the quality of medicine must be kept in a good condition until it used by patients. In this case the pharmacist has a stake in maintaining medicine’s quality through a proper drugs management. Pharmacists should have the knowledge and the appropriateness in the management of leftover, damaged and expired medicines to prevent the cumulation of medicine waste in the pharmacies and the community environment. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim to find out the Correlation Between Pharmacists’ Level of Knowledge and Management of Unused, Damaged or Expired Medicines at Malang Raya Pharmacies. Analytical observational research method with cross sectional approach was carried out to 106 pharmacists who worked in the pharmacy of Malang Raya region. Sampling was carried out using clustered random sampling technique. Questionnaires that have passed the validity and reliability test were used as a measurement of the level of knowledge and the drugs management of the pharmacist. This study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Brawijaya University. Result of the average level of pharmacists’ knowledge was in the category of "good" with a value of 81.6%, but result of the appropriateness questionnaire with “how to store medicines properly” and “how to eliminate drugs properly” indicators, showed that there 100% of respondent were not appropriate. Correlation analysis between the level of knowledge and drugs management of the pharmacist, showed a significance value of 0.425. It was concluded from this study, that there was no correlation between the level of pharmacist knowledge with the management of unused drugs, damaged drugs and expired drugs in the Pharmacy area of Malang Raya Keywords: pharmacist, knowledge, leftover medicine, damage medicine, expired medicine